Red Hand Defenders
Red Hand Defenders |
Dates of operation |
1998-Present (Current status unknown) |
Leader |
Unknown |
Active region(s) |
Northern Ireland |
Ideology |
Ulster Loyalism |
Status |
Designated as Terrorist Group by the U.S. in 2001 U.S. Department of State[1] |
Size |
20 operatives[2] |
This article provides an overview of the Red Hand Defenders.
History
The Red Hand Defenders (RHD) is a loyalist paramilitary group in Northern Ireland. It was formed in 1998 by loyalists who opposed the Belfast Agreement and the loyalist ceasefires.[3] Its members were drawn mostly from the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) and Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF).[4] The name had first been used by Red Hand Commandos dissident Frankie Curry in 1996 and he was the leading figure in what was a somewhat unstructured organisation until he was killed in 1999.[5] The group is an adversary of the Irish Republican Army terrorist organization and Irish nationalists seeking to relinquish rule of the six counties of Northern Ireland by the United Kingdom.[6]. In essence, Catholic nationalists aspire to be part of the Republic of Ireland, while Protestant unionists wish to preserve their ties with Great Britain.[7] The resulting long-term conflict in Northern Ireland is often referred to as “The Troubles”.[8] The red hand of Ulster is a loyalist symbol of Northern Ireland generally linked with Protestants.[9] The RHD was recognized as a terrorist group by the U.S. Department of State in 2001.[10] The group does not appear to receive external aid.[11] It has been alleged that the RHD name has been used as a cover for the Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) and the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) so the organizations can claim on the surface to have honored 1998 ceasefire agreements.[12], [13], [14], [15] Similar accusations have been made regarding the Orange Volunteers, another Protestant paramilitary extremist group that emerged in 1998.[16] Interestingly, claims of responsibility by the RHD for certain attacks have overlapped with the Orange Volunteers.[17] McDonald (2001) characterizes the ceasefire agreements as “official fiction”.[18] The LVF denies these claims, indicating the war and their terrorist activities have come to an end.[19] Loyalist Volunteer Force members were aware that any breach of the ceasefire could result in the return to jail for those paramilitary prisoners freed as part of the Good Friday Agreement of April 1998.[20] This essentially served as an incentive for the groups to develop a cover name.[21] As a result, the actual existence of the RHD has consistently been called into question.[22]
Ideology
The Red Hand Defenders uses violence toward the goal of maintaining British control in Northern Ireland.[23] The group opposes the peace process and peace agreements, including the Good Friday Agreement.[24] Their tactics include murder, bombings and arson, with victims often including Catholic civilians.[25] However, the victimization of Catholics appears to be more politically-based rather than focused upon religion. .[26] The religious emphasis nonetheless exacerbates the underlying political problems.[27] The group’s “soft” civilian targets have included Catholic schools and Catholic postal workers, as well as homes and businesses.[28] The Council on Foreign Relations indicates the membership of the RHD, LVF and Orange Volunteers likely overlap.[29] These loyalist paramilitary extremist organizations are generally composed of young Protestant males from Northern Ireland.[30] The weapons used by the RHD include homemade pipe bombs, handguns and grenades.[31]
Attacks
The RHD emerged when it claimed responsibility for a blast bomb attack on 7 September 1998 during a loyalist protest in Portadown. The loyalists had been protesting against the decision to ban the Orange Order from marching through the town's mainly Irish Catholic and Irish nationalist quarter (see Drumcree conflict). The attack killed a Catholic Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) officer. [32] Since then, the RHD has claimed responsibility for killing a further ten people. Of the eleven people the RHD claimed to have killed, nine were civilians, one was a former UDA member and one was an RUC officer. It has also claimed responsibility for many pipe bomb attacks, mostly on the homes of Catholics.[33] The group admitted to shooting a Catholic man, Brian Service, to death while he was walking home in North Belfast on October 31, 1998, and to an attack on a pub in West Belfast earlier that day[34] One of the RHD's most notable attacks was the assassination of human rights lawyer Rosemary Nelson on 15 March 1999. [35] She had represented alleged Irish republican paramilitaries, the family of Robert Hamill, and the Garvaghy Road Residents Association. Nelson had been working with Prime Minister Tony Blair toward resolving the conflict in Northern Ireland.[36] She had also testified in Washington, D.C. about the plight of attorneys who were subjected to harassment and threats as a consequence for representing Irish nationalists.[37] Nelson further informed that she and her family had been the recipients of death threats.[38] The murder of Nelson was a significant setback to the peace agreement due to a fear of the need for retaliation. .[39] Additionally, this murder constituted the first high notoriety attack since the 1998 Good Friday Agreement.[40] In August 2001, the RHD claimed responsibility for an attempted pipe-bomb attack on a Sinn Fein Member of Parliament and an attempted car bomb attack at a fair shortly thereafter where streets were filled with civilians, though both plots were thwarted by police officials.[41] The RHD also claimed responsibility for the murder of a journalist named Martin O’Hagan in September 2001, who was shot to death while walking home from a pub with his wife.[42] O’Hagan had previously been threatened by an Ulster Volunteer Force member, Billy Wright, who became the leader of the LVF and was subsequently killed in the Maze Prison in Northern Ireland. [43] The attack may have stemmed from the journalist’s report on alleged clandestine connections between terrorist groups and security forces in Northern Ireland.[44]
According to the U.S. Department of State, the RHD claimed responsibility for killing a total of five individuals in 2001. In 2002, the RHD accepted responsibility for the murders of a Catholic teenager and a Catholic postman (with the UDA and the Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) also subsequently claiming responsibility for the attacks), and additionally bombed the residence of a prison officer.[45] The group is also responsible for victimizing Catholic families in bombing attacks throughout Northern Ireland. [46] On January 16, 2002, a news report indicated the RHD submitted a statement agreeing to “stand down” at the request of the UDA and the UFF after threatening Catholic postal workers and teachers.[47] The sincerity of the statement was immediately called into question.[48] The RHD resumed their involvement in violent activity in the form of a nail-bomb attack on a well-known republican several months later.[49] The RHD successfully separated itself from the UDA in February 2003 with the murder of UDA member John Gregg, who had attempted to kill Sinn Fein president Gerry Adams almost two decades prior.[50] The attack on Gregg may have stemmed from disapproval with the RHD that had been expressed by the UFF.[51] The RHD is believed to have engaged in periodic bombings and shootings in 2003, and further claimed responsibility for an attack in September 2004.[52]
Future of the Organization
It is anticipated that the RHD will remain active in Northern Ireland, continue to incite religious conflict, and interfere with efforts toward a peaceful resolution to “The Troubles”.[53] The RHD will likely continue to pose a threat and engage in “small-scale terrorism in Northern Ireland,” despite apparent dissension and/or a lack of organization amongst loyalist groups.[54] One of the RHD group members was arrested in relation to a bomb threat hoax in June 2001.[55], [56], [57] However, several RHD members remain at large. [58] As noted by McDonald (2011), the killers of journalist Martin O’Hagan have still not been brought to justice a decade after the incident, despite promises to the contrary, while O’Hagan’s fellow journalists continue to be subjected to death threats.[59]
Timeline
1998
- 05 Sep 1998: The RHD claimed responsibility for a blast bomb attack during a riot on Charles Street, Portadown. Catholic Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) officer Francis O'Reilly (30) was wounded and died on 6 October 1998.[60]
- 31 Oct 1998: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting dead Catholic civilian Brian Service (35) as he walked along Alliance Avenue, Belfast.[60]
- 17 Dec 1998: The RHD claimed responsibility for a blast bomb attack on a pub on Ballyganniff Road near Crumlin, County Antrim.[60][61]
1999
- 26 Jan 1999: The RHD claimed responsibility for an attempted pipe bomb attack on the home of a Catholic family near Carrickfergus. The family lived in a mainly Protestant estate. It failed to explode.[62]
- 28 Jan 1999: The RHD claimed responsibility for a pipe bomb attack on the home of a Catholic family in Dungannon.[62]
- 02 Feb 1999: There was a grenade attack on St Joseph's Catholic Church in Antrim. It is believed the RHD were responsible.[63]
- 24 Feb 1999: The RHD claimed responsibility for a pipe bomb attack on a house in Rosapenna Street, Belfast. The pipe bomb was found in the back garden of the house, which was beside a peace line.[62]
- 15 Mar 1999: The RHD claimed responsibility for killing Catholic human rights lawyer Rosemary Nelson. A booby-trap bomb exploded under her car in Lurgan.[62]
- 31 Mar 1999: The RHD claimed responsibility for an attempted pipe bomb attack on the car of a Catholic civilian in Dungannon. It failed to explode.[62]
- 31 Mar 1999: The RHD claimed responsibility for an attempted pipe bomb attack on a house on Gray's Lane, Belfast. It was made safe by the British Army.[62]
- 19 Apr 1999: The RHD claimed responsibility for an attempted pipe bomb attack on the home of a Catholic family on Serpentine Park, Belfast. It failed to explode.[62]
- 21 May 1999: Shots were fired at a Catholic youth worker as he escorted a Protestant girl to her home on Shankill Road, Belfast. He claimed that he had been threatened by RUC officers six months earlier. He claimed the officers wanted information on IRA members otherwise he would be killed by the RHD. The RUC denied the claims.[62]
- 05 June 1999: Protestant civilian Elizabeth O'Neill (59) was killed in a pipe bomb attack on her home at Corcrain Drive, Portadown. It was thrown through the window and exploded as she tried to take it outside. She was married to a Catholic man and lived in a mainly Protestant area. A blast bomb also exploded at another Catholic-owned home nearby. The RHD[64] and the LVF were blamed but the LVF denied responsibility.[65]
- 07 June 1999: A pipe bomb was found and defused outside St Mary's (Catholic) primary school in Ballymena. It is believed that the RHD were responsible.[66]
- 04 Oct 1999: The RHD claimed responsibility for throwing a pipe bomb at a Catholic taxi driver as he drove through the Peter's Hill area of Belfast. It failed to explode.[62]
- 15 Oct 1999: The RHD claimed responsibility for planting a hoax bomb at a Catholic-owned house in north Belfast. A family member said, "It's just to try and intimidate Catholics out of the area".[67]
- 27 Oct 1999: The RHD claimed responsibility for planting a pipe bomb at the home of republican Liam Shannon in west Belfast. It failed to explode.[68]
2001
- 24 Jan 2001: The RHD claimed responsibility for firing shots at the home of prominent republican Martin Óg Meehan (son of Sinn Féin MLA Martin Meehan) in Ardoyne, Belfast.[69] On 29 Jan it claimed responsibility for firing shots at the home of Martin Óg Meehan's brother on the same street.[69]
- 05 Feb 2001: The RHD claimed responsibility for an attempted pipe bomb attack on the home of a Catholic family in Ardoyne, Belfast. The man who lived there was a former republican prisoner. It failed to explode.[70]
- 19 Jun 2001: The RHD issued a death threat to husband and wife Sinn Féin councillors Breige and Martin Meehan.[71]
- 04 Jul 2001: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting dead Catholic civilian Ciaran Cummings (19) as he waited for a lift to work in Antrim. The attack was a drive-by shooting by gunmen on a motorbike. In a call to a newspaper, a RHD spokesman said the teenager had been shot in "direct response to the Catholic people of Antrim voting in two Sinn Féin [councillors]. They are going to have to pay the price for it. God Save Ulster".[70][72]
- 20 Jul 2001: The RHD claimed responsibility for firing shots into Ashton Community Centre in the nationalist Ardoyne area of Belfast. There were staff and children inside at the time. In a statement, the RHD said: "all nationalist people [are] hostile and legitimate targets".[73]
- 29 Jul 2001: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting dead Protestant civilian Gavin Brett (18) as he stood outside St Edna's Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) club in Newtownabbey. The attack was a drive-by shooting on a group of people. Brett was hit by automatic fire as he stood with his Catholic friends.[70]
- 30 Jul 2001: The RHD claimed responsibility for two pipe bombs that exploded outside the Golden Thread theatre at a community centre in north Belfast. Over 250 people were watching a youth theatre production inside. One woman was hospitalized for shock.[73]
- 22 Aug 2001: The RHD claimed responsibility for a string of bomb alerts across Northern Ireland. A suspect device was found under a van in Armagh; a pipe bomb was found at a Sinn Féin office in Cookstown; a pipe bomb was found at a GAA club in Garvagh; and a pipe bomb exploded at a GAA club in Gulladuff.[70]
- 23 Aug 2001: The RHD claimed responsibility for two pipe bomb attacks on the home of a Catholic family at Deerpark Parade, Belfast. It also claimed responsibility for an attempted pipe bomb attack on a GAA club in Desertmartin.[70]
- 28 Aug 2001: The RHD claimed responsibility for an attempted car bomb attack in the middle of Ballycastle. Thousands of people were in the town to celebrate the yearly Auld Lammas Fair. The bomb was found by the RUC and defused by the British Army. [70]
- 29 Aug 2001: The RHD claimed responsibility for two pipe bomb attacks on the home of a Catholic family in Ballynahinch. It also claimed to have left bombs at five pubs in Belfast and a pub and hotel in Ballycastle.[70][74]
- 30 Aug 2001: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting a man in Coalisland.[70]
- 05 Sep 2001: The RHD claimed responsibility for throwing a blast bomb at a group of Catholic schoolchildren as they walked to Holy Cross Primary School on Ardoyne Road, Belfast. Local loyalists had been protesting outside the school for the past three days. Four RUC officers and a civilian were injured. The next day, it was announced that the RHD had threatened to kill the parents if they tried to bring their children to the school.[70] See Holy Cross dispute for more information.
- 15 Sep 2001: The RHD claimed responsibility for firing shots at a Catholic taxi driver as he drove through Parkmount Terrace, Belfast. The shots hit the car but missed the driver.[70]
- 28 Sep 2001: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting dead Catholic journalist Martin O'Hagan as he walked near his home in Lurgan. He worked for the Sunday World newspaper. The RUC Chief Constable said he believed that it was carried-out by members of the LVF, which was then on ceasefire. O'Hagan had written stories about LVF activities and had been threatened by loyalists a number of times. The RHD statement said that he had been killed "for crimes against the loyalist people".[70][75]
- 01 Oct 2001: The RHD claimed responsibility for planting a bomb outside the home of republican Eddie Copeland in Ardoyne, Belfast.[76]
- 03 Dec 2001: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting dead Catholic civilian Francis Mulholland (34) as he sat in a car on Upper Crumlin Road, Belfast.[70]
- 12 Dec 2001: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting dead former UDA member William Stobie (51) outside his home on Forthriver Road, Belfast. It claimed he was an informer.[70]
- 18 Dec 2001: The RHD claimed responsibility for attempting to shoot a Catholic man at Brompton Park, Belfast. He ran off before the gun could be fired. He had recently been warned that his name was on a loyalist death list.[77]
2002
- 06 Jan 2002: The RHD claimed responsibility for a pipe bomb attack on the home of a prison officer at Westway Park, Belfast. The man's wife and daughter were wounded. The RHD said it was in response to the alleged harassment of loyalist prisoners in Maghaberry Prison.[78]
- 11 Jan 2002: The RHD issued a death threat against all teachers and staff working at Catholic schools in north Belfast.[78]
- 12 Jan 2002: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting dead Catholic civilian Daniel McColgan (20) as he arrived for work at a postal sorting office in Newtownabbey. It also issued a statement saying that all Catholic postal workers were now "legitimate targets". However, the UDA later admitted that its members had been involved in the killing.[78]
- 15 Jan 2002: The UDA/UFF called for the RHD to stand down within fourteen days.[78]
- 17 Apr 2002: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting dead Catholic civilian Barney McDonald (51) as he sat in his taxi in Donaghmore, County Tyrone.[79][80]
- 26 Apr 2002: The RHD claimed responsibility for a nail bomb attack on the home of Sinn Féin councillor Mick Conlon.[81]
- 22 Jul 2002: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting dead Catholic civilian Gerard Lawlor (19) as he walked home on Floral Road, Belfast. Earlier in the evening, a Protestant had been shot and wounded on Alliance Avenue. The RHD said the killing of Lawlor was a "measured response" to that attack. However, the UDA/UFF later admitted that its members had been involved in the killing.[82]
- 04 Aug 2002: The RHD issued a death threat against Catholic workers at the Mater Hospital and Ulster Hospital in Belfast.[83]
- 20 Aug 2002: In a statement to a newspaper, the RHD threatened that "if there is one more brick thrown by Catholics at houses in Glenbryn, every resident on the upper half of Alliance Avenue will be forcibly removed from their homes".[83]
- 24 Oct 2002: The RHD claimed responsibility for throwing a pipe bomb into the back yard of a Catholic-owned home on Alliance Avenue, Belfast. It claimed the man who lived there was a "senior republican".[84]
- 19 Dec 2002: The RHD claimed responsibility for throwing a pipe bomb at the home of a Catholic family in north Belfast.[79]
2003
- 06 Jan 2003: The RHD claimed responsibility for planting a pipe bomb at the gates of Holy Cross Catholic Primary School in Belfast. It warned the school to shut permanently within one week.[85]
- 19 May 2003: The RHD claimed responsibility for planting an explosive device outside a Republican Sinn Féin office in west Belfast. It was defused by the British Army.[86][87]
- 11 Nov 2003: The RHD claimed responsibility for planting an explosive device outside a Catholic-owned house in north Belfast. It said it was targeting a spokesperson for the Parents of Holy Cross Primary School.[88]
2005
- 13 Feb 2005: The RHD claimed responsibility for killing Catholic civilian Stephen Montgomery. He was found unconscious with head wounds on Jamaica Road, Belfast. However, it is not certain if the RHD were responsible as no code-word was given when the claim was made.[89]
2006
- 04 Mar 2006: The RHD claimed responsibility for the attempted killing of a taxi driver in north Belfast. A man who got into the taxi pressed a handgun to the driver's head and pulled the trigger, but the gun jammed and he managed to flee.[90]
References
- ^ "Northern Ireland Loyalist Paramilitaries (U.K., extremists)". Council on Foreign Relations. http://www.cfr.org/terrorist-organizations/northern-ireland-loyalist-paramilitaries-uk-extremists/p9274. Retrieved October 25, 2011. -Terrorist Group
- ^ "In the Spotlight: Red Hand Defenders". Center for Defense Information. http://www.cdi.org/program/document.cfm?documentid=2737&programID=39&from_page=../friendlyversion/printversion.cfm. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
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- ^ http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199906050002
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- ^ Sectarian attacks: July 2001 part 1. Pat Finucane Centre
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- ^ "Ceasefire endangered by journalist's murder". The Telegraph (UK). 01 October 2001.
- ^ Peter Heathwood Collection of television programs: 2001. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN).
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- ^ a b c d Chronology of the Conflict: 2002, Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)
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- ^ http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/deaths2002draft.htm
- ^ Sectarian attacks: April 2002. Pat Finucane Centre
- ^ Sectarian attacks: July 2002. Pat Finucane Centre
- ^ a b Sectarian attacks: August 2002. Pat Finucane Centre
- ^ Sectarian attacks: October 2002. Pat Finucane Centre
- ^ Peter Heathwood Collection of television programs: 2003. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN).
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- ^ Draft list of deaths related to the conflict in 2005, Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4777804.stm
See also
External links